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查理二世,英格蘭國王查理一世之子,其母亨利埃塔?瑪麗亞是法國國王路易十三之女,是-位虔誠的天主教徒。查理一世在與議會的矛盾激化之後曾安排當時還是王子的查理二世到英格蘭西部作戰,以保證其安全,並在形勢惡化時讓他逃離英格蘭。查理王子逃到法國與母親會閤,開始瞭在歐洲大陸的流亡生涯。查理一世被處決之後,查理母子在歐洲大陸的處境日益艱難,他一直試圖娶富有的安妮?瑪麗亞為妻,卻未能如願。一六五零年,查理僅帶少量隨從迴到蘇格蘭,試圖奪迴王位。蘇格蘭當局有條件地為其加冕。一六五一年,查理率軍由蘇格蘭進入英格蘭,卻在伍斯特戰役全軍覆沒,憑藉武力復位的努力以失敗而告終。伍斯特戰役之後,查理二世曆經韆辛萬苦。剋服重重睏難,數次死裏逃生,終於逃迴法國,再次開始瞭流亡生活。此時,歐洲各國懾於英格蘭共和政府的勢力,不敢長期收留查理二世,他生活的艱辛可想而知。
領導共和政府的剋倫威爾死後,英格蘭軍方與議會紛爭再起,相互爭權奪勢。在蘇格蘭的濛剋將軍的巧妙安排與斡鏇之下,查理二世和平復位。
復位之後,為瞭得到葡屬海外領地及大宗財産,查理二世娶葡萄牙公主凱瑟琳為妻,婚後卻冷落妻子,繼續其放蕩的生活。
查理二世疏於政務,縱情享樂,他在位期間英格蘭還經曆瞭數次天災人禍。一六六五年倫敦爆發瘟疫;一六六六年一場大火再次重創倫敦;後來荷蘭人入侵,險些攻入倫敦城;還有提圖斯?歐茨主教陰謀,激化瞭天主教與新教之間的矛盾,導緻瞭大規模的宗教迫害。所有這些都加重瞭英格蘭人民的苦難。
五十四歲時,查理二世死於中風。
目錄
童年時代
查理王子的母親
亨利埃塔王後齣逃
孩子們脫身
王子在巴黎
與安妮·瑪麗亞的協商
博斯科貝爾的皇傢橡樹
國王逃往法國
復位
婚姻
品格與統治
結局
精彩書摘
She did not, however, in the letters which ac- companied the picture, though his mother, praise the beauty of her child. She said, in fact, that he was so ugly that she was ashamed of him, though his size and fatness, she added, made up for the want of beauty. And then his face was so serious and grave in expression, the queen said she truly believed that he was wiser than herself.
As the young prince advanced in years, the religious and politi- cal difficulties in the English nation increased, and by the time that he had arrived at an age when he could begin to receive impressions from the conversation of those around him, the Parliament began to be very jealous of the influence which his mother might exert. They were extremely anxious that he should be educated a Protestant, and were very much afraid that his mother would try to initiate him secretly into the ideas and practices of the Catholic faith. She insisted that she did not attempt to do this, and perhaps she did not; but in those days it was often considered fight to lie and deceive, so far as this was neces- sary to promote the cause of true religion. The queen did certainly make some efforts to place Catholic principles into the minds of some of her children; for she had other children after the birth of Charles. She gave a daughter a cruc/fix one day, which is a little image of Christ upon the cross, made usually of ivory, or silver, or gold, and also a rosary, which is a string of beads, by means of which the Catholics are assisted to count their prayers. Henrietta gave these things to her daughter secretly, and told her to hide them in her pocket, and taught her how to use them. The Parliament considered such attempts to influence the minds of the royal children as very ter- rible sins, and they made such arrangements for separating the young prince Charles from his mother, and putting the others under the gtmfance of proteatant teachers and governors, as very much inteofered with Henrietta's desires to enjoy the society of her children. Since England was a Protestant realm, a Catholic lady, in marrying an Eng- lish king, ought not to have expected, perhaps, to have been allowed to bring up her children in her own faith; still, it must have been very hard for a mother to be forbidden to teach her own children what she undoubtedly believed was the only possible means of securing for them the favor and protection of Heaven.
There is in London a vast storage of books, manuscripts, curiosi- tics, pictures, and other memorials of by-gone days, called the British Museum. Among the old records here preserved are various letters written by Henrietta, and one or two by Charles, the young prince, during his childhood. Here is one, for instance, written by Henrietta to her child, when the little prince was but eight years of age, criti- cizing him for not being willing to take his medicine. He was at that time under the charge of Lord Newcastle.
"CHARLES-I am sorry that I must begin my first letter with criticizing you, because I hear that you will not take your medicine. I hope it was only for this day, and that tomorrow you will do it, for if you will not, I must come to you and make you take it, for it is for your health. I have given orders to the Lord of Newcastle to send me word tonight whether you will or not. Therefore I hope you will not give me the pains to go; and so I rest, your loving mother,
HENRIETTE MARIE"
The letter was addressed: To MI DEARE SONNE the Prince.
The queen must have taken special pains with this her first letter to her son, for, with all its faults in spelling, it is very much more cor- rect than most of the letters which she attempted to write in English. She was very imperfectly acquainted with the English language, using, as she almost always did,in her domestic conversations, her own na- tive tongue.
Time passed on, and the difficulties and contests between King Charles and his people and Parliament became more and more exciting and alarming. One after another of the king's most devoted and faithful ministers was taken prisoner, tried, condemned, and put to death, despite all the efforts which the king could make to save them. Parties were formed, and party spirit ran very high. Conflicts were continually breaking out about the palaces, which threatened the per- sonal safety of the king and queen. Henrietta herself was a special object of the hatred which these outbreaks expressed. The king him- self was half distracted by the overwhelming difficulties of his position. Bad as it was in England, it was still worse in Scotland. There was an actual rebellion there, and the urgency of the danger in that quarter was so great that Charles concluded to go there, leaving the poor queen at home to take care of herself and her little ones as well as she could, with the few remaining means of protection yet left at her disposal.
There was an ancient mansion, called Oat lands, not very far from London, where the queen generally resided during the absence of her husband. It was a lonely place, on low and level ground, and surround- ed by canals, over which those who wished to enter passed by draw bridges. Henrietta chose this place for her residence because she thought she should be safer. She kept the children all there except the Prince of Wales, who was not allowed to be wholly under her care. He, however, often visited his mother, and she sometimes visited him.
During the absence of her husband, Queen Henrietta was subjected to many severe and heavy tr/a/s. Her communications with him were often interrupted and broken.
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前言/序言
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