劍橋英語教師叢書：第二語言課堂評估 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 2024

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內容簡介

　　本叢書精選自劍橋大學齣版社為語言教師設計的多套論著和教程，均為當代語言教育領域的力作。由當今國際語言教育界的人士編著並由國內英語教育界專傢學者撰寫前言或導讀。本叢書的20個選題是目前英語教師需要瞭解的課題。本叢書可作為英語教師繼續教育和師範院校英語係的教材，並可供在職大中學教師和語言教育研究者使用。

精彩書評

　　外研社和人教社聯閤推齣這套“劍橋英語教師叢書”，以配閤全國中小學英語教師的培訓工程。本套叢書的使用者注意兩點：一， 這套書不僅僅傳播技巧，更重要的是提供思想和方法；不是提供對問題的現成答案，而是告訴你各種理論觀點和看法。第二，本套叢書的讀者應該努力初步掌握外語教學中的科研方法，學會設計小型的科研項目，學會進行課堂觀察，設計問捲，經常寫教學日誌，會抽樣，會收集各種數據，會統計和分析數據等。
　　……

目錄

總序
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Series editors preface
Authorsacknowledgments
導讀
1.Introduction to evaluation
I GETTING STARTED
2.The context of second language evaluation
3.A framework for evaluation
4.Collecting information
II EVALUATING WITHOUT TESTS
5.Observation in the classroom
6.Portfolios and conferences
7.Journals，questionnaires，and interviews
III EVALUATING WITH TESTS
8.Testing
9.Objectives-referenced testing
10.Choosing and devising test tasks
11.Assembling and scoring tests
12.Interpreting test scores
13.Standardizde tests
14.Summary and integration
Index

精彩書摘

On the basis of their observations, teachers assess what students have and have not learned; they infer the learning strategies students may be using that are facilitating or:impeding learning; they assess the effective-ness of particuiar teaching strategies; they determine which instructional activities and materials the students enjoy; and so on. Information derived from such observations is fundamental to the day-to-day functioning ofthe classroom because it provides a basis for understanding what is happening and for making decisions about what should follow. For example, based on a number of observations, a teacher may judge that a particular student has not learned what was being taught in class that week, whereas the other students have. Alternatively, the teacher may judge that quite a few stu- dents have not leamed the target structure. The observation that only one student has failed to learn a target structure will lead to very different decisions by the teacher than the observation that most ofthe students have not learned it.
Teachers also seek to understand how their students are learning and, in particular, to explain those instances when learning does not occur as planned. Their explanations of these situations can be used to plan instruc-tion that will promote learning. In seeking to explain failure to learn, teachers use observation to make inferences about instructional or learning processes or strategies. Observation of student behavior when a particular unit is taught might lead the teacher to infer that t:he students were using strategies that might be effectiVe in their first language but lead to mistakes in the second language. For example, the students may use discourse pat-terns from their first language that are inappropriate in.the second lan-guage. Or the teacher may infer that the students did not find the mate-rials and activities interesting and, therefore, they were not motivated to learn. Teachers' observations of themselves may lead them to infer that they are using instructional strategies that are not working: perhaps they had not been very clear when explaining an assignment or they did not model a new grammatical pattem sufficiently before having the students try using it.
Inferences concerning learning and teaching processes are much more difficult to make than inferences concerning learning outcomes, yet they are equally important for effective teaching. Inferences about language learning outcomes can be made on the basis of observations of concrete instances of the students' actual language use. For example, does the stu-dent use the past tense correctly and appropriately when speaking and/or writing? In comparison, infer.ences about processes related to teaching and learning are based on observations of a wider range ofbehaviors and events and their interrelationships. For example, a teacher's understanding of stu-dent errors when writing and what to do about them might follow from observations directed at answering the following kinds of questions: What kinds of errors do the students make? Can their mistakes be traced to a particular source, such as the first language?. Do they tend to make certain errors under some circumstances more than others? Do they avoid the use of certain structures or communicative functions altogether? It is evident from-this single example that it is not the observation of discrete instances oflanguage use that provides evidence about learning processes; rather, it is the observation of categories of events (such as errors) or fairly complex interrelationships among events (for example, the linguistic or communica-tive contexts within which errors tend to occur more frequently) that are the bases for inferences about learning processes. The same can be said about processes related to teaching.
Inferences about learning and instructional processes are important be-cause they affect significantly the ways in which teachers respond to their students. For example, the inference that students are using strategies derived from the first language when using their second language might lead the teacher to explain to the students the difference between the first and second language with regard to the grammatical structure or com- municative function in question. Of course, this would work only if the students were old enough and had acquired sufficient linguistic sophistica-tion to understand such an explanation. In comparison, the inference that the teacher did not provide ample demonstration of a particular linguistic structure or communicative function might lead the teacher to provide more time for practice using it in whole group activities.
Classroom observation and any associated inferences about teaching and learning are important for planning instruction of the same unit, lesson, or course in the future. Observation of how particular units worked with the current group of students may lead to decisions to retain, drop, or modify them with future groups of learners. Units may be dropped because they were too easy, too difficult, uninteresting, or not useful. Certain units may be modified because observation of their effectiveness with the current students suggested deficiencies or areas for improvement. Observations that a course did not work effectively in general with the current students might lead to decisions to revise the way in which students are placed in the course to ensure greater compatibility between the course and the charac-ter istics of the learners in the course.
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劍橋英語教師叢書：第二語言課堂評估 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書 格式

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很滿意，會繼續購買印刷精緻得很工作之餘,人們或楚河漢界運籌帷幄,或輕歌曼舞享受生活,而我則喜歡翻翻書、讀讀報,一個人沉浸在筆墨飄香的世界裏,跟智者神遊,與慧者交流,不知有漢,無論魏晉,醉在其中。我是一介窮書生,盡管在學校工作瞭二十五年,但是工資卻不好意思示人。當我教訓調皮搗蛋的女兒外孫子們時,時常被他們反問:你老深更半夜瞭,還在寫作看書,可工資卻不到兩韆!常常被他們噎得無話可說。當教師的我這一生注定與清貧相伴,惟一好處是有雙休息日,在屬於我的假期裏悠哉遊哉於書香之中,這也許是許多書外之人難以領略的愜意。好瞭，廢話不多說。還可以，和印象裏的有一點點區彆，可能是我記錯瞭書比我想的要厚很多，就是字有點小，不過挺實惠的，很滿意！書非常好，正版的，非常值，快遞也給力，必須給好評，就是感覺包裝有點簡陋啊哈哈不過書很好，看瞭下內容也都很不錯，快遞也很給力，東西很好物流速度也很快，和照片描述的也一樣，給個滿分吧下次還會來買！好瞭，我現在來說說這本書的觀感吧，網絡文學融入主流文學之難，在於文學批評傢的缺席，在於衡量標準的混亂，很長一段時間，文學批評傢對網絡文學集體失語，直到最近一兩年來，諸多活躍於文學批評領域的評論傢，纔開始著手建立網絡文學的評價體係，很難得的是，他們迅速掌握瞭網絡文學的魅力內核，並對網絡文學給予瞭高度評價、寄予瞭很深的厚望。隨著網絡文學理論體係的建立，以及網絡文學在創作水準上的不斷提高，網絡文學成為主流文學中的主流已是清晰可見的事情，下一屆的五個一工程奬，

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