具体描述
内容简介
明代货币白银化是中国传统社会后期非常值得关注的重大历史事件，货币白银化引起国家制度、社会经济结构与价值观念等发生了一系列变革。《明代货币白银化与国家制度变革研究》着重讨论了明代货币白银化进程与货币制度和货币体系、，赋役制度、商税制度、俸禄制度、军事供应制度、法律制度、对外贸易制度等国家制度之间的互动关系，以期能够对明代货币白银化这一重大历史事件获得整体性认识和评价。
作者简介
黄阿明，男，1978年生，安徽巢湖人，历史学博士，毕业于华东师范大学历史学系。2014年，复旦大学历史学系高级访问学者。内页插图
目录
精彩书摘
《明代货币白银化与国家制度变革研究》：事实确实如此。以银买马，这就要求有司必须蓄积一定数量的银两，因此对马政制度进行政策调整和制度改革自是理所当然。
成化二年（1466），兵部条上整顿马政十事，其中有三事值得注意。其一，各处孳牧种马所生之驹，由于灾荒连年，天顺七年（1463）、成化元年（1465）接连亏欠，依例停追，成化二年秋成之年，例合买偿，但兵部认为所买之驹止可充数而已，急难得用，因此拟定依据上年事例，有司四匹、军卫五匹折买堪骑操马一匹备用。此是课马折买之议。其二，兵部建议，将马户牧养种马所生之驹，在完成三岁一驹征课之外，若有多余驹马，令其报官，由有司收买，另给空闲人户领养。此是收买多余驹马之议。其三，兵部谓南京养马地方岁取余马来京备用，多有选退，往复甚为民累，或有以银来京买纳，又多为官吏群医人等敲诈，不仅马多不堪，虚累给养，且又累年解补追取不完，因此兵部建议将起解中不堪不敷之数，“每匹征价十两，类解官买，以给骑操”。此是将起解不堪之马征银，类解官买之议。此即《明史》所云成化二年（1466）以南土不产马，兵部议准马匹折征银两之事。《南京太仆寺志》亦云：“成化二年，兵部尚书王复奏准：南直隶地方，递年起取余剩儿马，多矮小.不堪征操，今后江南该解马匹，其不堪不敷之数，每匹征银十两，累解收贮，随时官买寄养给操。”成化十六年（1480）兵部与太仆寺共同奏请，规定折收马价之际“必兵部官亲莅之”。
这一时期，营卫养马由于屯军逃亡、牧马草场被侵占、马匹倒死，马政废弛，骑操马匹亦随之以银买补，于是营卫马政领域里二项重要的买补马匹银出现。一是地亩马价银。成化七年（1471），巡抚陕西左副都御史马文升极论边军养马之苦，他说：“今日边军之苦，莫甚于赔补马匹。是以马不及偿，人已逃伍。虽尝给钱贴助，惠不能周。”因此马文升提出通融均平军士田丁贫富，凡屯地每百亩每岁概征银一钱，助贴买补马匹。马文升的主张是地亩马价银起源的依据。二是朋合银与桩头银。朋银和桩银逐渐融合成一项制度，即朋合桩头银制度。朋银，即朋合买马之银，由官军为买补战马而分摊向太仆寺缴纳的银两。桩头银，是京营和各边镇官军因马匹倒死而集体赔偿的银两，发端于成化七年（1471），确立于成化十三年（1477），完善于嘉靖中期。其主要内容是：京营马倒失，其马主系都指挥者出银三两，指挥二两五钱，千百户、镇抚二两，旗军一两五钱，走失被盗者各加五钱，谓之桩头。又令各营马队官军每岁朋合出银，岁以六个月为率，每月都指挥、指挥出银一钱，千百户、镇抚七分，旗军五分，遇马倒失贴助买补。成化、弘治以降，明代马政发生了重大变革。主要表现以下几个方面：首先，是确立种马定额制。国初种马无定额。北畿地区，永乐以来马匹日蕃与养马户丁有限之间的矛盾日益凸显出来。弘治六年（1493），太仆寺卿彭礼奏：“自古牧马多在监苑，未闻寄养于民间。今寄养马驹，岁课无穷，而民间户丁生长有限，以有限之丁责无穷之驹，民困何由而苏？请今定种马之额止十万匹，岁取驹二万五千匹，永为定额，不复增添。驹存其高壮者，以备岁用。其不堪者，变卖价银，贮之太仆寺，以俟他用。如有物故，即令补足，遇赦不免，是可为久远之计。”时兵部尚书马文升力主行之，于是种马从无定额改为定额制，这一变化是明代马政的一大变革。
……
用户评价
这本书给我的感觉，就像是一幅描绘明代社会经济变迁的恢弘画卷。作者以 an unparalleled depth of knowledge and a captivating writing style, unravels the complex story of silver's rise to prominence and its transformative influence on Ming Dynasty's state institutions. It’s a book that demands attention and rewards the reader with profound insights. The author's exploration of how silver monetization directly impacted the Ming Dynasty's fiscal system is particularly illuminating. The transition from a predominantly in-kind tax system to one increasingly reliant on silver was not merely an economic shift; it was a fundamental reordering of the state's financial architecture. The author meticulously traces the evolution of tax policies, from the early attempts to control silver's flow to the eventual embrace of silver as a primary fiscal tool. The detailed analysis of the “Single Whip Law,” examining its origins, implementation, and consequences, provides a rich understanding of its significance. Beyond fiscal reforms, the book also sheds light on how silver monetization reshaped the very fabric of Ming society. The author delves into the emergence of new economic classes, the changing patterns of wealth accumulation, and the growing disparities between different social strata. The discussion on how silver influenced land ownership, commercial activities, and even local governance provides a panoramic view of its pervasive impact. The author’s adept use of historical sources, coupled with their insightful interpretation, makes this book an indispensable resource for anyone interested in Ming Dynasty China. It’s a masterclass in historical scholarship, offering a holistic and deeply engaging account of a critical period.
评分这本著作的阅读体验，可以用“醍醐灌顶”来形容。作者以 an exceedingly meticulous and scholarly approach, dissects the complex relationship between silver monetization and the transformation of Ming Dynasty state institutions. It's not merely a historical account; it's a profound exploration of how economic forces shape political structures and social dynamics. The author masterfully weaves together evidence from various sources – fiscal records, legal documents, merchant accounts, and even artistic representations – to paint a vivid and nuanced picture of Ming China. What struck me most was the intricate detail with which the author traces the evolution of fiscal policy. The shift from a predominantly grain-based tax system to one increasingly reliant on silver was not simply a passive adaptation; it was a deliberate, albeit often contentious, process that had far-reaching consequences. The introduction of silver as a primary medium of exchange necessitated a complete overhaul of administrative procedures, from tax collection and disbursement to the management of state monopolies. The author meticulously examines how this monetary transformation influenced the power dynamics within the bureaucracy, the rise of new financial elites, and the changing nature of social mobility. Furthermore, the book delves into the international dimensions of silver, highlighting China's position as a global economic hub and the impact of its demand on world trade. The exploration of the "silver influx" and its subsequent diffusion throughout the empire is particularly compelling. It's clear that the author has dedicated years of rigorous research to this topic, and the depth of their understanding is evident on every page. The book is a testament to the power of interdisciplinary research, bridging economic history, political science, and social history to offer a holistic understanding of a pivotal period in Chinese history.
评分我被这本书的宏大视角和精细分析深深吸引。作者并非简单地讲述白银在中国古代流通的故事，而是将其作为一把钥匙，开启了对明代国家制度变革的深刻解读。从宏观层面看，作者清晰地勾勒出明代由内而外的制度转型，而白银的货币化无疑是这场转型中一个至关重要的驱动力。书中最让我震撼的是，作者如何通过对早期明朝经济政策的梳理，揭示了白银化进程的必然性。尽管早期朝廷对白银的引进持谨慎态度，但随着对外贸易的拓展和海外白银的持续涌入，国内经济对白银的需求与日俱增。作者详细分析了不同时期朝廷在货币政策上的调整，以及这些调整如何与社会经济的发展相呼应。在微观层面，作者对白银化如何改变明代社会结构进行了深入的探讨。白银的出现，不仅改变了商业交易的方式，也催生了新的财富分配模式，进一步加剧了社会阶层的分化。书中对明代士绅阶层、商人阶层以及农民阶层在白银化进程中的不同境遇进行了细致的描绘，让我对当时的社会现实有了更立体的认识。例如，白银化如何促进了土地兼并，如何影响了农民的赋役负担，以及如何使得部分商人阶层崛起并获得更大的社会影响力。作者在梳理这些复杂关系时，逻辑清晰，论证有力，并且避免了简单化的结论。整本书读下来，我感觉自己对明代社会经济和政治制度的理解，得到了一个全新的升华，仿佛看到了历史背后更深层、更隐秘的运行逻辑。
评分阅读这本书，如同踏上一段深度探索明代经济与政治交汇点的旅程。作者以 an exceptionally thorough and compelling manner, illuminates the profound impact of silver monetization on the evolving state institutions of the Ming Dynasty. It is a work that not only educates but also provokes thought. The author's meticulous examination of how the increasing circulation of silver fundamentally altered the Ming government's fiscal operations is a cornerstone of the book. The transition from a system heavily reliant on in-kind payments to one increasingly embracing silver was a monumental shift, and the author expertly navigates its complexities. The detailed exploration of how this monetary change influenced tax collection, the management of state monopolies, and even the logistics of military campaigns provides a granular understanding of its practical implications. Furthermore, the book offers a sophisticated analysis of how the economic power derived from silver trade and mining contributed to the redistribution of wealth and the reconfiguration of social hierarchies within Ming China. The author delves into the rise of new merchant families, the changing patterns of land ownership, and the increasing monetization of daily life, painting a vivid picture of a society in flux. The author’s synthesis of diverse historical evidence, coupled with their lucid prose, makes this book an indispensable resource for anyone seeking a comprehensive understanding of this transformative era.
评分这本书的阅读体验，如同一场深度挖掘历史宝藏的探险。作者的笔触细腻而生动，将明代货币白银化的进程，以及它如何与国家制度的变革交织在一起，描绘得淋漓尽致。我尤其对书中关于白银作为国家财政收入来源的演变过程的分析，印象深刻。明朝初期，国家财政主要依赖于粮食、布帛等实物税收，这种模式在税源有限、交通不便的古代，存在着巨大的局限性。而随着白银的逐渐普及，朝廷开始探索将赋役折算成白银缴纳，这不仅简化了征收环节，降低了管理成本，也为国家筹集军费、开展大型工程项目提供了可能。作者对“一条鞭法”的深入解读，让我看到了这项政策在不同时期、不同地区的实施差异，以及它所带来的复杂社会影响。它既是进步的标志，也可能加剧某些社会矛盾。更让我着迷的是，作者在分析白银化对国家制度变革的影响时，并没有停留在表面，而是深入到制度的肌理之中。例如，白银的引入如何影响了官员的俸禄体系，如何改变了官员的经济行为，以及如何引发了对财政监管的新的要求。作者在论证过程中，旁征博引，将经济史、政治史、社会史等多个维度的史料融会贯通，形成了一个既有广度又有深度的研究成果。这本书的价值在于，它不仅为我们提供了关于明代货币史的丰富信息，更重要的是，它揭示了货币形态的变迁如何深刻地影响着一个国家的制度走向和历史进程。
评分我一直对明代历史抱有浓厚的兴趣，而这本书无疑是我近期阅读中最具启发性的一本。作者以 an extraordinarily insightful and analytical approach, dissects the intricate interplay between the monetization of silver and the transformation of Ming Dynasty's state institutions. It's a scholarly work that manages to be both rigorous and engaging. The author’s exploration of how the increasing reliance on silver as a medium of exchange necessitated fundamental changes in the Ming government’s administrative and fiscal structures is particularly compelling. The book vividly illustrates how the traditional systems of tax collection, labor service, and even military provisioning had to adapt to the growing prevalence of silver. The detailed examination of specific policies, such as the “Single Whip Law,” and their implementation across different regions and time periods, offers a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved. What sets this book apart is its ability to connect economic trends with political and social transformations. The author masterfully demonstrates how the control over silver resources became a significant factor in political power struggles and how the changing economic landscape influenced social mobility and class dynamics. The book doesn't shy away from exploring the challenges and contradictions inherent in this transition, offering a balanced and critical perspective. The meticulous research and clear argumentation make this a definitive work on the subject, providing readers with a deeper appreciation of the profound impact of silver on one of China's most significant historical periods.
评分初读这本书，我便被其严谨的学术态度和深刻的洞察力所折服。作者并非仅仅将明代货币的白银化视为一个孤立的经济现象，而是将其置于国家制度变革的宏大叙事之中，进行了一次全方位的审视。书中最让我印象深刻的是，作者是如何通过细致入微的史料分析，揭示白银化对明代赋税制度的颠覆性影响。传统的赋役以实物为主，征收和存储都极为不便，且容易滋生腐败。而白银的出现，为赋役的折算和缴纳提供了可能，这不仅极大地提高了财政运作的效率，也为国家财政收入的稳定和增长奠定了基础。作者对“一条鞭法”的解读尤为精彩，他详细阐述了这项改革在理论上的先进性，以及在实践中如何一步步被推行，又如何在执行过程中遭遇各种阻力。这种对改革过程的深入剖析，让我看到了历史前进的复杂性与曲折性。此外，书中对白银化如何影响明代官员的选拔、任用和行为模式也进行了深入的探讨。当财政收入更多地以白银形式体现时，官员的经济能力和对财富的追求也随之改变，这在一定程度上也塑造了明代官场的生态。作者在论述时，大量引用了当时的奏疏、邸报、地方志等一手资料，使得论证逻辑严谨，令人信服。阅读过程中，我仿佛亲身经历了明代财政体系的变革，感受到了白银这种“金属货币”在重塑国家制度方面的强大力量。这本书不仅仅是关于货币的研究，更是关于权力、经济与社会如何相互作用的深刻洞察。
评分这本书的文字本身就散发着历史的厚重感。作者以 an impressive command of historical detail and a clear, analytical voice, guides the reader through the complex process of silver monetization in Ming Dynasty China and its profound implications for the state's institutional evolution. It is a truly illuminating study. The author's deep dive into how the growing dominance of silver in economic transactions necessitated fundamental changes in the Ming Dynasty's administrative and legal frameworks is a key strength of the book. The traditional mechanisms for resource allocation and revenue collection were increasingly strained by the limitations of an in-kind economy, and the author meticulously charts the ways in which silver offered a more flexible and efficient alternative. The detailed discussion of specific fiscal reforms, such as the “Single Whip Law,” and their gradual integration into the state apparatus, reveals the iterative and often challenging nature of institutional change. Moreover, the book provides a rich understanding of how the economic ascendancy of silver impacted social structures and power dynamics within Ming society. The author explores the ways in which wealth accumulated through silver trade and mining influenced political influence, the rise of new social groups, and the changing landscape of social mobility. The book’s comprehensive approach, drawing on a wide array of sources and offering insightful interpretations, solidifies its position as a seminal work in the field.
评分我花了相当一段时间来品读这本书，每一次翻阅都仿佛有新的收获。作者以 an incredibly nuanced perspective, delves into the intricate tapestry of Ming Dynasty's transition towards silver monetization and its profound impact on the state's institutional framework. It's not merely a historical narrative; it's a meticulous dissection of cause and effect. The author's ability to synthesize vast amounts of empirical data, from granular fiscal records to broader socio-economic trends, is remarkable. What captivated me most was the exploration of how the influx of silver from overseas directly influenced the Ming government's financial strategies. The traditional reliance on agricultural produce as the primary tax base proved increasingly inadequate in supporting a growing empire and its expanding military needs. The gradual shift towards silver taxation, culminating in reforms like the Single Whip Law, is presented not as a sudden policy change but as a complex evolution driven by both external economic forces and internal administrative pressures. The author meticulously details the challenges and adaptations involved in this transition, highlighting the administrative hurdles, the resistance from vested interests, and the unintended consequences that arose. Furthermore, the book offers a compelling analysis of how the monetization of silver reshaped the power structures within the Ming bureaucracy. The increased importance of fiscal management and the control over silver flows gave rise to new avenues of influence and patronage, thereby altering the dynamics of political decision-making. The author's insightful observations on the interplay between economic incentives and bureaucratic behavior provide a valuable lens through which to understand the complexities of governance in imperial China. This book is a scholarly tour de force, offering a sophisticated understanding of a pivotal transformation in Chinese history.
评分这本书就像一本穿越时光的旅行指南，带领我深入了明朝那个波澜壮阔的时代。初翻开，我就被那精美的插图和考究的版式所吸引，仿佛能触摸到历史的脉络。作者并非简单罗列史料，而是以一种极具说服力的叙事方式，层层剥茧，揭示了白银在中国古代经济史上扮演的至关重要的角色。从早期作为奢侈品和礼仪性消费，到逐渐成为主流的交易媒介，白银的地位转变并非一蹴而就，而是经历了漫长而复杂的演变过程。书中详尽地阐述了白银流入中国的原因，包括海外贸易的兴盛、美洲白银的发现以及国内矿产的开采，这些因素共同作用，深刻地改变了明朝的经济格局。更令我着迷的是，作者将白银的流通与国家制度的变迁紧密联系起来，探讨了货币形态的改变如何催生了新的税收制度、赋役形式以及财政管理模式。我尤其对“一条鞭法”的出现及其对社会经济的影响进行了深入的了解。这项改革将过去的各种赋役折算成白银缴纳，极大地简化了征收过程，也推动了商品经济的发展。然而，白银化带来的影响并非全是积极的，书中也毫不避讳地指出了其潜在的危机，例如对海外白银的过度依赖，以及由此引发的通货膨胀和贫富差距的加剧。作者在分析这些问题时，既有宏观的战略视野，又不失微观的细腻洞察，让我对明朝社会的复杂性有了更深刻的认识。阅读过程中，我仿佛置身于那个时代，亲眼见证了白银如何从一个遥远的国度漂洋过海，最终渗透到明朝社会的每一个角落，影响着朝廷的决策，也改变着寻常百姓的生活。这本书给我带来的震撼，远不止于知识的获取，更在于它激发了我对历史的思考和对社会变迁规律的探索。
评分很好，对于查资料很有帮助的。
评分很好，对于查资料很有帮助的。
评分很好，对于查资料很有帮助的。
评分很好，对于查资料很有帮助的。
评分很好，对于查资料很有帮助的。
评分虽然对明史不甚了了，然而本书大名也有所闻，正好趁着活动入手。
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评分很好，对于查资料很有帮助的。
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