利維坦：論人類和國傢（全英文原版） [Leviathan] 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 2024

産品特色

內容簡介

“利維坦”原為《舊約聖經》中記載的一種怪獸，在本書中用來比喻強勢的國傢。本書係統地闡述瞭國傢學說，探討瞭社會的結構，其中的人性論、社會契約論以及國傢的本質和作用等思想在西方産生瞭深遠的影響，是西方zui著名和有影響力的政治哲學著作之一。

古人有雲：朝聞道，夕死可矣。人是社會動物，都有窺探社會組織架構、瞭解社會組織形態的好奇心和衝動。而現代社會更多脫胎於始於歐洲的資産階級革命，要想做這方麵的探究，和偉人直接對話是一條捷徑。這就是這套原版的社科經典叢書的編輯初衷。不管你是學哲學的學生，還是從事社會科學研究的學者，不讀幾部經典原著，不在書架上擺上一套經典原著，應該是人生的一大憾事。

作者簡介

霍布斯（Thomas Hobbes，1588—1679），英國政治傢、哲學傢。他創立瞭機械唯物主義的完整體係，指齣宇宙是所有機械地運動著的廣延物體的總和。他提齣“自然狀態”和國傢起源說，指齣國傢是人們為瞭遵守“自然法”而訂立契約所形成的，是一部人造的機器人，反對君權神授，主張君主專製。他把羅馬教皇比作魔王，僧侶比作群鬼，但主張利用“國教”來管束人民，維護“秩序”，提齣“自然狀態”和國傢起源說，指齣國傢是人們為瞭遵守“自然法”而訂立契約所形成的的，事一部人造的機器人，反對君權神授，主張君主專製。

目錄

The Introduction 001

PART 1OF MAN 004

PART 2OF COMMON�瞁EALTH 149

A REVIEW, AND CONCLUSION 329

精彩書摘

Leviathan: of man and common-wealth

By Thomas Hobbes，1651

THE INTRODUCTION

Nature (the art whereby God hath made and governes the world) is by the art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an Artificial Animal. For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the begining whereof is in some principall part within; why may we not say, that all Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch) have an artificiall life? For what is the Heart, but a Spring; and the Nerves, but so many Strings; and the Joynts, but so many Wheeles, giving motion to the whole Body, such as was intended by the Artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that Rationall and most excellent worke of Nature, Man. For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body; The Magistrates, and other Officers of Judicature and Execution, artificiall Joynts; Reward and Punishment (by which fastned to the seat of the Soveraignty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in the Body Naturall; The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the Strength; Salus Populi (the Peoples Safety) its Businesse; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill War, Death. Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let Us Make Man, pronounced by God in the Creation.

To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider

First the Matter thereof, and the Artificer; both which is Man.

Secondly, How, and by what Covenants it is made; what are the Rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that Preserveth and Dissolveth it.

Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-Wealth.

Lastly, what is the Kingdome of Darkness.

Concerning the first, there is a saying much usurped of late, That Wisedome is acquired, not by reading of Books, but of Men. Consequently whereunto, those persons, that for the most part can give no other proof of being wise, take great delight to shew what they think they have read in men, by uncharitable censures of one another behind their backs. But there is another saying not of late understood, by which they might learn truly to read one another, if they would take the pains; and that is, Nosce Teipsum, Read Thy Self: which was not meant, as it is now used, to countenance, either the barbarous state of men in power, towards their inferiors; or to encourage men of low degree, to a sawcie behaviour towards their betters; But to teach us, that for the similitude of the thoughts, and Passions of one man, to the thoughts, and Passions of another, whosoever looketh into himselfe, and considereth what he doth, when he does Think, Opine, Reason, Hope, Feare, &c;, and upon what grounds; he shall thereby read and know, what are the thoughts, and Passions of all other men, upon the like occasions. I say the similitude of Passions, which are the same in all men, Desire, Feare, Hope, &c; not the similitude or The Objects of the Passions, which are the things Desired, Feared, Hoped, &c;: for these the constitution individuall, and particular education do so vary, and they are so easie to be kept from our knowledge, that the characters of mans heart, blotted and confounded as they are, with dissembling, lying, counterfeiting, and erroneous doctrines, are legible onely to him that searcheth hearts. And though by mens actions wee do discover their designee sometimes; yet to do it without comparing them with our own, and distinguishing all circumstances, by which the case may come to be altered, is to decypher without a key, and be for the most part deceived, by too much trust, or by too much diffidence; as he that reads, is himselfe a good or evill man.

But let one man read another by his actions never so perfectly, it serves him onely with his acquaintance, which are but few. He that is to govern a whole Nation, must read in himselfe, not this, or that particular man; but Man-kind; which though it be hard to do, harder than to learn any Language, or Science; yet, when I shall have set down my own reading orderly, and perspicuously, the pains left another, will be onely to consider, if he also find not the same in himselfe. For this kind of Doctrine, admitteth no other Demonstration.

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