語言與語言學百科全書（第2版）（套裝全14冊） [ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LANGUAGE &LINGUISTICS] 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 2024

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　　 《語言與語言學百科全書(第2版)(套裝全14冊)》由外教社從Elsevier齣版社引進齣版，是迄今世界大的一套語言學百科全書，堪稱語言學知識詞典的巨製鴻篇。與問世於1993年的《語言與語言學百科全書》（第1版）相比，第2版拓展瞭語用學、語義學、句法學、詞法學、語音學、音係學等範疇，使其內容更豐富、題材更新穎、收錄更完備。全書共14捲，收錄大詞目3000多條，每條詞目均有豐富的內容和詳盡的解釋，除按字母順序編排外，還有主題分類、交叉檢索和主題索引。英國愛丁堡大學馬剋·斯迪濛教授概括說：“《語言與語言學百科全書(第2版)(套裝全14冊)》的編輯和作者群英薈萃。項目範疇之廣、規模之大，可謂開創曆史之先河。”學術性高、文章內容新、覆蓋麵廣；全新作者撰稿、全新編輯審校、探索全新題材、收錄全新文章；橫蓋六大領域：語言體係研究、言語活動研究、言語機製研究、話語研究、計算語言學研究、文字體係研究。

目錄

Executive Editorial Board/Honorary Editorial Advisory Board
Executive Editorial Board Biographies
Publishing History
Foreword
Introduction
Guide to Use
Alphabetical List of Articles
Erratum
Alphabetical Entries
Glossary
List of Languages
Ethnologue Maps
List of Abbreviations
List of Logical Symbols Used
Transcriptional Conventions and the IPA Alphabet
Subject Classification
List of Contributors
Subject Index

精彩書摘

one of the central problems of structuralism, perhapseven its most central one. Greimas then had to postulate the existence of asemantic universe that was defined as the set ofthe systems of values that can be apprehended asmeaningful only if it is articulated or narrativized.Thus, any discourse was said to presuppose a seman-tic universe hypothetically made up of the totality ofsignifications, postulated as such prior to its articula-tion, and which it actualizes in part. This he called amicrosemantic universe that at the fundamental levelarticulates elementary axiological structures, such aslife/death (individual universe) and nature/culture(collective universe). Situated at the deep semanticlevel, these basic structures were considered to be adhoc universals that serve as starting points for theanalysis of semantic universes, be they individual orcollective. Their meaning is never apprehensible assuch but, rather, only when they are manifested inthe form of an articulated signification or, in otherwords, when they are converted into actantial struc-tures. Petitot-Cocorda (1985: 50-51) clearly per-ceived the theoretical import of Greimass semioticswhen he situated the actantial and semionarrativestructures within an anthropological framework. Forhim, the deep semantic categories were considered tobe universals of the imaginary even though indivi-duals were thought not to be conscious of them, asthey exist only because they are both invested withvalues and ideologically invested in objects of value,whose quest governs the actions (actantial and narra-tive programs) of the subject actants. The deep se-mantic categories can be apprehended only throughthe circulation of object-values governed by actantialsyntax. They cannot be subjectivized in themselvesbut only by means of a logic of actions. He notedthat the role of actantial syntax is to convert thefundamental semantics that constitute the messageinto narrative and to determine its anthropologi-cal function. Finally, it is through this actantial andsemionarrative syntax that one can grasp, through thesimulacrum of the scene that dramatizes them, theunconscious processes leading to subjectivity. In The interaction of semiotic onstraints(Greimas and Rastier, 1987), Greimas suggested thepossibility of a generative trajectory, beginning with afundamental semiotic level that was then convertedinto an actantial syntax before ultimately being mani-fested through discourse, but focused especially onthe first domain of the global trajectory. The mainobject of the theory of the semiotic square at thefundamental semiotic level was to articulate the sub-stance of the content and thereby constitute theform of content. This elementary structure shouldbe considered both as a concept uniting the minimalconditions for the apprehension and/or the produc-tion of signification and as a model containing theminimal definition of any language (or, more general-ly, of any semiotic system or process) and of anysemiotic unit. The elementary structure appeared asa complex binary semic category that correlates twocontrary semes by means of a relation of junction(conjunction/disjunction) and by a relation of recip-rocal presupposition, prior to any semantic invest-ment whatsoever. Petitot-Cocordat (1985: 51-52)argued that the constituent relations of contrarietyand contradiction of the semiotic square are not logical in nature, but in the Jakobsonian sense are qualitative oppositions and privative oppositions and must be treated as such. The formal characteristics of the semiotic square are founded on a dynamic topol- ogy of places and connections and not upon a static logic of terms and connections. Represented graphically in their entirety, the vari-ous components and the interrelationships of the firsttwo levels of the theory of narrativity were workedout in Greimas (1987: 63-83). The semionarrativestructures, constituting the most abstract level orstarting point of the generative trajectory, are presentin the form of a semiotic and narrative grammar.These grammars contain two components (syntacticand semantic) and two levels of depth - a fundamen-tal semantics and a fundamental syntax on the deeplevel, and a narrative semantics and a narrative syn-tax on the surface level. Finally, less deep than theother two, the discursive structures take up the sur-face semiotic structures and set them into discourse.A discursive syntax was identified at this level com-posed of the subcomponents of actorialization,temporalization, and spatialization. The semanticcomponent, or discursive semantics, was said to bemade up of the subcomponents of themantization andfigurativization. The main theoretical problem that arose from thisactantial and semionarrative model is related to thepassage (conversion), on the one hand, from a para-digmatic relation, or a taxonomic morphology, toan operative syntax or syntagmatic relation and, onthe other hand, the passage (conversion) from afundamental abstract syntax to a narrative anthropo-morphic surface syntax and ultimately to a discur-sive-figurative syntax. It can be said that two typesof conversions exist in the theory: horizontal con-versions (dealing with the relations between the syn-tactic and semantic components of each level) and vertical conversions (having to do with the relationsbetween levels).

前言/序言

　　放在讀者麵前的這套《語言與語言學百科全書》(2006年第2版，共14捲)是由勵德愛思唯爾(ReedElsevier)集團齣版，在阿姆斯特丹、波斯頓、海德堡、倫敦、紐約、牛津、巴黎、聖地亞哥、舊金山、新加坡、悉尼、東京等地同時發行的大型工具書。這部語言學知識詞典第l版於1993年齣版，第2版增加瞭這十餘年來語言學發展的新信息。為有效藉鑒外國語言學研究成果，加強語言學國際交流，上海外語教育齣版社引進瞭這部語言學百科全書，並囑我為引進版寫篇序言，遂先讀為快，瀏覽瞭全書。現做簡序，以饗讀者。一、語言學知識詞典的巨製鴻篇
　　現代詞典可分為知識詞典和語言詞典兩大類。知識詞典包括百科全書，解釋詞語所代錶的科學知識；語言詞典解釋詞語本身的語言特徵。當讀者不認識或不會使用一個詞時，可以查語言詞典；當讀者不理解詞所代錶的知識時，就要查知識詞典。關於漢語或外語語言詞典，學習者幾乎人手一冊；而關於語言和語言學的知識詞典，學習者使用不多。但是，如果深入學習語言和從事語言研究，語言學知識詞典則是必備的案頭工具書。單捲本語言學詞典，中外都齣版瞭一些，如中國的《中國大百科全書·語言學捲》、《大辭海·語言學捲》、《辭海·語言學捲》等，市場上都可以買到。外國的，如法國《語言科學百科詞典》分4單元，57項主題，解釋瞭800條語言學術語。這類詞典規模小，解釋簡單，隻能滿足一般性的查找需要。語言學者在研究中常常需要查找生疏的語言學術語，特彆是新的語言學知識，單捲本詞典遠遠不能滿足需要。於是，大型語言學百科全書應運而生。這部14捲的大型《語言與語言學百科全書》大詞目就有3000多條，每條都有豐富的內容和詳盡的解釋。詞典除按字母順序編排外，還有主題分類、交叉檢索和主題索引。首頁的字母索引中，詞目下標明冊數和頁碼。主題分類中，把全書按主題分為36區，大部分區域還再分為小區。詞目可歸於一個或幾個區域。詞條末尾的交叉檢索提供三種信息：1．參見其他詞條中對該項目的解釋，2．該項目在其他詞條中的相似信息，3．指齣擴展討論的材料。詞典中除正文詞條外，最後一捲還附有民族語言地圖、語言列錶、術語錶、縮略語錶、邏輯符號用法錶、標音法和國際音標等內容。二、適應現代語言學發展趨勢
　　現代語言學在不同的時期都有其一定的發展趨勢。在我的論著中每過一段時間就會概括齣這種趨勢。例如，1983年我在《現代語言學研究》中說：“當代語言學發展說明：人們從語言體係、言語活動和言語機製三個方麵越來越深入地認識語言的本質。”1985年，我在《談點社會心理語言學》一文中說：“當代語言學又齣現一個明顯趨勢，就是用社會心理語言學、社會信息語言學等第二代邊緣學科的理論和方法，研究作為交際單位的話語。”1987年，我在《語言學教程》“代前言”中提齣8項教學內容的更新：1．語言學的對象是語言體係、言語活動和言語機製。2．語義和語義學的地位越來越重要。3．理論語言學分科對語言體係研究有新的進展。4．當代語言學理論獲得廣泛應用，改變瞭語言學理論忽視應用的狀況。5．語言學邊緣學科湧現，改變瞭就語言研究語言的狀況。6．對傳統語言學問題有瞭新的探索。7．語言學研究的重點從結構轉嚮建構。8．語言學是現代科學體係中的關鍵學科。1997年，我在《語言學概論》中，又增寫瞭10項新內容：1．語言的調節功能，2．多角度研究語言，3．建構語言學，4．轉換生成語言學的發展，5．國俗語義學，6．社會心理修辭學，7．詞典的功能，8．建構主義外語教學論，9．社會心理語言學，10．神經語言學。最近幾年我又提齣語言學建構性循環網絡，論述語言學研究中，語言體係、言語活動、言語機製、話語、計算機語言處理和文字體係六大領域及其相互關係。
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語言與語言學百科全書（第2版）（套裝全14冊） [ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LANGUAGE &LINGUISTICS] 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書 格式

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