内容简介
The subject of real analytic functions is one of the oldest in mathematical analysis. Today it is encountered early in one's mathematical training: the first taste usually comes rn calculus. While most working mathematicians use real analytic functions from time to time in their WOfk, the vast lore of real analytic functions remains obscure and buried in the literature. It is remarkable that the most accessible treatment of Puiseux's thcorem is in Lefschetz's quute old Algebraic Geometry, that the clearest discussion of resolution of singularities for real analytic manifolds is in a book review by Michael Atiyah, that there is no compre hensive discussion in print of the embedding problem for real analytic manifolds.
We have had occasion in our collaborative research to become acquainted with both the history and the scope of the theory of real analytic functions. It seems both appropriate and timely for us to gather together this information in a single volume. The material presented here is of three kinds. The elementary topics, covered in Chapter 1, are presented in great detail. Even results like a real analytic inverse function theorem are difficult to find in the literature, and we take pains here to present such topics carefully. Topics of middling difficulty, such as separate real analyticity, Puiseux series, the FBI transform, and related ideas (Chapters 2-4), are covered thoroughly but rather more briskly. Finally there are some truly deep and difficult topics: embedding of real analytic manifolds, sub and semi-analytic sets, the structure theorem for real analytic varieties, and resolution of singularities are disc,ussed and described. But thorough proofs in these areas could not possibly be provided in a volume of modest length.
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目录
Prethce to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1 Elementary Propertles
1.1 Basic Properties of Power Series
1.2 Analytic Continuation
1.3 The Formula of Faa di Bruno
1.4 Composition of ReaI Analytic Functions
1.5 Inverse Functions .
2 Multivariable Calculus of ReaI Analytic Functions
2.1 Power Series in Several Variables
2.2 ReaI Analytic Functions of SeveraI Variables
2.3 Thelmplicit Function Theorem
2.4A Special Case of the Cauchy-Kowalewsky Theorem
2.5 The lnverse Function Theorem
2.6Topologies on the Space of Real Analytic Functions
2.7 ReaI Analytic Submarufolds
2.7.1Bundles over a Real Analytic Submanifold
2.8 The GeneraI Cauchy-Kowalewsky Theorem
3 ClassicaI Toplcs
3.0 Introductory Remarks
3.1 TheTheorem ofPringsheim and Boas
3.2 Besicovitch'sTheorem
3.3 Whitney's Extension and Approximation Theorems
3.4 TheTheorem ofS.Bernstein
4Some Questions of Hard Analysis
4.1 Quasi-analytic and Gevrey Classes
4.2 PuiseuxSeries
4.3 Separate Real Analyticity
5 Results Motivated by Partial DifferentiaI Equations
5.1 Division of Distributionsl
5.1.1Projection of Polynomially Defined Sets
5.2 DMsion of Distributionsll
5.3 The FBI Transform
5.4 The Paley-Wiener Theorem
6 Topics in Geometry
6.1 The Weierstrass Preparation Theorem
6.2 Resolution of Singularities
6.3 Lojasiewicz's Structure Theorem for Real Analytic Varieties
6.4 The Embedding of Real Analytic Manifolds
6.5 Semianalytic and Subanalytic Sets
6.5.1 Basic Definitions
6.5.2 Facts Concerning Semianalytic and Subanalytic Sets
6.5.3 Examples and Discussion
6.5.4 Rectilinearization
Blbliography
Index
前言/序言
经典数学名著导读:深入解析数论与代数几何的璀璨星河 本书旨在为对纯粹数学,特别是数论(Number Theory)与代数几何(Algebraic Geometry)领域抱有浓厚兴趣的读者,提供一份全面而深入的导引。我们聚焦于构建坚实的理论基础,探索这些交叉学科的前沿课题,旨在使读者能够独立阅读最新的研究文献。本书的编写风格力求严谨、清晰,并在适当之处穿插历史背景与应用实例,以激发读者的求知欲。 第一部分:现代数论的基石与拓展 本部分致力于系统地梳理解析数论(Analytic Number Theory)的核心工具,并将其应用于解决古典数论中的难题。 第一章:黎曼$zeta$函数与素数分布 我们将从黎曼(Bernhard Riemann)对素数分布的革命性洞察开始。详细介绍黎曼$zeta$函数的解析性质,包括其欧拉乘积表示、伽马函数的关联,以及通过解析延拓获得的函数方程。重点攻克素数定理(Prime Number Theorem)的严格证明,对比使用初等方法(如Selberg积分)与复变函数方法(利用零点的分布)的优劣。此外,深入探讨切比雪夫函数 $psi(x)$,并分析$zeta(s)$零点与素数序列随机性之间的深层联系。本书将详细阐述零点密律(Zero-Density Estimates)在提高素数计数误差界限中的关键作用。 第二章:狄利克雷L-函数与二次互反律 本章将视角转向更广阔的数域。首先,引入狄利克雷特征(Dirichlet Characters)的概念及其性质,在此基础上构造狄利克雷L-函数。我们将详细论证L-函数的实奇点定理(Real Zero-Free Regions),这是证明狄利克雷关于素数在等差数列中分布定理(Dirichlet's Theorem on Arithmetic Progressions)的必要步骤。随后,我们将专题讨论二次互反律(Quadratic Reciprocity Law)的多种证明路径,包括高斯(Gauss)的经典几何论证,以及通过模算术(Modular Arithmetic)和有限域进行的现代代数证明。对雅可比符号(Jacobi Symbol)的性质及其与二次剩余(Quadratic Residues)的联系将进行详尽的分析。 第三章:代数数论导论 本部分是连接分析与代数的桥梁。我们首次引入代数数(Algebraic Numbers)和数域(Number Fields)的概念。详细介绍环论(Ring Theory)的基本概念在数论中的应用,如唯一因子分解域(UFD)和主理想域(PID)的辨识。核心内容聚焦于代数整数(Algebraic Integers)的定义、范数(Norm)和迹(Trace)的计算。通过研究分式理想(Fractional Ideals),我们阐明了为何在一般数域中因子分解不再唯一,并由此导出类群(Class Group)和类数(Class Number)的概念。书中的例子将着重于二次域 $mathbb{Q}(sqrt{d})$,计算其整数环和单位群结构。 第二部分:代数几何的基础结构与范畴论视角 本部分将读者从经典的代数数论推向现代代数几何的语言——方案论(Scheme Theory)。 第四章:交换代数回顾与预备知识 为了理解代数几何的抽象结构,本章首先进行严格的交换代数回顾。涵盖交换环(Commutative Rings)、理想(Ideals)、素理想(Prime Ideals)和局部化(Localization)的详细讨论。重点是诺特环(Noetherian Rings)的性质及其在代数簇中的几何意义。引入张量积(Tensor Product)的构造及其在理解模与向量空间构造上的重要性。本书特别强调同调代数(Homological Algebra)的初步概念,特别是射影(Projective)和内射(Injective)分辨率在后续章节中的预备作用。 第五章:预层、层与概形 本章是进入现代代数几何的门槛。首先,通过预层(Presheaves)的概念,解释如何“在局部收集信息”。随后,严格定义层(Sheaves),解释粘合性(Gluing)的数学要求。通过具体的例子,如拓扑空间上的连续函数层,使读者直观理解层的概念。在此基础上,引入概形(Schemes)的定义——通过将环谱化(Spectrum of a Ring)与层结构结合。读者将学习如何从环的结构中构建出几何对象,理解$operatorname{Spec}(R)$的拓扑性质(如Zariski拓扑)。 第六章:态射与向量丛 一旦掌握了概形的语言,本章便着手研究概形之间的关系——态射(Morphisms)。详细分析从一个概形到另一个概形的态射的定义,包括结构层的拉回(Pullback)。核心内容聚焦于局部自由层(Locally Free Sheaves),并将其视为概形上的推广的向量场或函数空间。本书将通过张量化(Tensorization)操作,展示如何提升态射的性质。专题讨论偶次上同调(Even Cohomology)的基础概念,特别是其在代数拓扑与代数几何中的交汇点,为读者理解更高级的Sheaf Cohomology奠定基础。 第七章:曲线、奇点与几何完备性 本章将理论应用于最直观的几何对象:代数曲线(Algebraic Curves)。我们将利用前述工具分析光滑曲线(Smooth Curves)的性质,并深入探讨奇点(Singularities)。通过局部环的分析,读者将学会如何区分尖点(Cusp)和自交点(Node)。最后,本部分将引入黎曼-罗赫定理(Riemann-Roch Theorem)的代数几何版本,展示该定理在分类代数曲线时的强大威力,并简要提及该定理在L-函数函数方程证明中的深刻联系。 本书的最终目标是培养读者利用现代数学语言处理古典问题的能力,并在解析方法与代数结构之间架起坚实的桥梁。