几何分析手册(第2卷) [Handbook of Geometric Analysis(Vol.2)]

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  • 几何分析
  • 偏微分方程
  • 调和分析
  • 复分析
  • 微分几何
  • 拓扑学
  • 泛函分析
  • 数学分析
  • 应用数学
  • 数学手册
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出版社: 高等教育出版社
ISBN:9787040288834
版次:1
商品编码:10126581
包装:精装
外文名称:Handbook of Geometric Analysis(Vol.2)
开本:16开
出版时间:2010-04-01
用纸:铜版纸
页数:431
字数:690000
正文语种:英语

具体描述

编辑推荐

  The launch of this Advanced Lectures in Mathematics series is aimed at keeping mathematicians informed of the latest developments in mathematics, as well as to aid in the learning of new mathematical topics by students all over the world. Each volume consists of either an expository monograph or a collection of signifi-cant introductions to important topics. This series emphasizes the history and sources of motivation for the topics under discussion, and also gives an over view of the current status of research in each particular field. These volumes are the first source to which people will turn in order to learn new subjects and to discover the latest results of many cutting-edge fields in mathematics. Geometric Analysis combines differential equations and differential geometry. Animportant aspect is to solve geometric problems by studying differential equations. Besides some known linear differential operators such as the laplace operator, many differential equations arising from differential geometry are nonlinear. Aparticularly important example is the Monge-Ampre equation. Applications to geometric problems have also motivated new methods and techniques in differential equations. The field of geometric analysis is broad and has had many striking applications. This handbook of geometric analysis provides introductions to andsurveys of important topics in geometric analysis and their applications to related fields which is intend to be referred by graduate students and researchers in related areas.

内容简介

  Geometric Analysis combines differential equations and differential geometry. An important aspect is to solve geometric problems by studying differential equations.Besides some known linear differential operators such as the Laplace operator,many differential equations arising from differential geometry are nonlinear. A particularly important example is the IVlonge-Ampere equation; Applications to geometric problems have also motivated new methods and techniques in differen-rial equations. The field of geometric analysis is broad and has had many striking applications. This handbook of geometric analysis provides introductions to and surveys of important topics in geometric analysis and their applications to related fields which is intend to be referred by graduate students and researchers in related areas.

内页插图

目录

Heat Kernels on Metric Measure Spaces with Regular Volume Growth
Alexander Griqoryan
1 Introduction
1.1 Heat kernel in Rn
1.2 Heat kernels on Riemannian manifolds
1.3 Heat kernels of fractional powers of Laplacian
1.4 Heat kernels on fractal spaces
1.5 Summary of examples
2 Abstract heat kernels
2.1 Basic definitions
2.2 The Dirichlet form
2.3 Identifying in the non-local case
2.4 Volume of balls
3 Besov spaces
3.1 Besov spaces in Rn
3.2 Besov spaces in a metric measure space
3.3 Embedding of Besov spaces into HSlder spaces.
4 The energy domain
4.1 A local case
4.2 Non-local case
4.3 Subordinated heat kernel
4.4 Bessel potential spaces
5 The walk dimension
5.1 Intrinsic characterization of the walk dimension
5.2 Inequalities for the walk dimension
6 Two-sided estimates in the local case
6.1 The Dirichlet form in subsets
6.2 Maximum principles
6.3 A tail estimate
6.4 Identifying in the local case
References
A Convexity Theorem and Reduced Delzant Spaces Bong H. Lian, Bailin Song
1 Introduction
2 Convexity of image of moment map
3 Rationality of moment polytope
4 Realizing reduced Delzant spaces
5 Classification of reduced Delzant spaces
References
Localization and some Recent Applications
Bong H. Lian, Kefeng Liu
1 Introduction
2 Localization
3 Mirror principle
4 Hori-Vafa formula
5 The Marino-Vafa Conjecture
6 Two partition formula
7 Theory of topological vertex
8 Gopakumar-Vafa conjecture and indices of elliptic operators..
9 Two proofs of the ELSV formula
10 A localization proof of the Witten conjecture
11 Final remarks
References
Gromov-Witten Invariants of Toric Calabi-Yau Threefolds Chiu-Chu Melissa Liu
1 Gromov-Witten invariants of Calabi-Yau 3-folds
1.1 Symplectic and algebraic Gromov-Witten invariants
1.2 Moduli space of stable maps
1.3 Gromov-Witten invariants of compact Calabi-Yau 3-folds
1.4 Gromov-Witten invariants of noncompact Calabi-Yau 3-folds
2 Traditional algorithm in the toric case
2.1 Localization
2.2 Hodge integrals
3 Physical theory of the topological vertex
4 Mathematical theory of the topological vertex
4.1 Locally planar trivalent graph
4.2 Formal toric Calabi-Yau (FTCY) graphs
4.3 Degeneration formula
4.4 Topological vertex "
4.5 Localization
4.6 Framing dependence
4.7 Combinatorial expression
4.8 Applications
4.9 Comparison
5 GW/DT correspondences and the topological vertex
Acknowledgments
References
Survey on Affine Spheres
John Loftin
1 Introduction
2 Affine structure equations
3 Examples
4 Two-dimensional affine spheres and Titeicas equation
5 Monge-Ampre equations and duality
6 Global classification of affine spheres
7 Hyperbolic affine spheres and invariants of convex cones
8 Projective manifolds
9 Affine manifolds
10 Affine maximal hypersurfaces
11 Affine normal flow
References
Convergence and Collapsing Theorems in Riemannian Geometry
Xiaochun Rong
Introduction
1 Gromov-Hausdorff distance in space of metric spaces
1.1 The Gromov-Hausdorff distance
1.2 Examples
1.3 An alternative formulation of GH-distance
1.4 Compact subsets of (Met, dGH)
1.5 Equivariant GH-convergence
1.6 Pointed GH-convergence
2 Smooth limits-fibrations
2.1 The fibration theorem
2.2 Sectional curvature comparison
2.3 Embedding via distance functions
2.4 Fibrations
2.5 Proof of theorem 2.1.1
2.6 Center of mass
2.7 Equivariant fibrations
2.8 Applications of the fibration theorem
3 Convergence theorems
3.1 Cheeger-Gromovs convergence theorem
3.2 Injectivity radius estimate
3.3 Some elliptic estimates
3.4 Harmonic radius estimate
3.5 Smoothing metrics
4 Singular limits-singular fibrations
4.1 Singular fibrations
4.2 Controlled homotopy structure by geometry
4.3 The ∏2-finiteness theorem
4.4 Collapsed manifolds with pinched positive sectional curvature
5 Almost flat manifolds
5.1 Gromovs theorem on almost flat manifolds
5.2 The Margulis lemma
5.3 Flat connections with small torsion
5.4 Flat connection with a parallel torsion
5.5 Proofs——part I
5.6 Proofs——part II
5.7 Refined fibration theorem
References
Geometric Transformations and Soliton Equations
Chuu-Lian Terng "
1 Introduction
2 The moving frame method for submanifolds
3 Line congruences and Backlund transforms
4 Sphere congruences and Ribaucour transforms
5 Combescure transforms, O-surfaces, and k-tuples
6 From moving frame to Lax pair
7 Soliton hierarchies constructed from symmetric spaces
8 The U-system and the Gauss-Codazzi equations
9 Loop group actions
10 Action of simple elements and geometric transforms
References
Affine Integral Geometry from a Differentiable Viewpoint
Deane Yang
1 Introduction
2 Basic definitions and notation
2.1 Linear group actions
3 Objects of study
3.1 Geometric setting
3.2 Convex body
3.3 The space of all convex bodies
3.4 Valuations
4 Overall strategy
5 Fundamental constructions
5.1 The support function
5.3 The polar body
5.4 The inverse Gauss map
5.5 The second fundamental form
5.6 The Legendre transform
5.7 The curvature function The homogeneous contour integral
6.1 Homogeneous functions and differential forms
6.2 The homogeneous contour integral for a differential form
6.3 The homogeneous contour integral for a measure
6.4 Homogeneous integral calculus
7 An explicit construction of valuations
7.1 Duality
7.2 Volume
8 Classification of valuations
9 Scalar valuations
9.1 SL(n)-invariant valuations
9.2 Hugs theorem
10 Continuous GL(n)-homogeneous valuations
10.1 Scalar valuations
10.2 Vector-valued valuations
11 Matrix-valued valuations.
11.1 The Cramer-Rao inequality
12 Homogeneous function- and convex body-valued valuations.
13 Questions
References
Classification of Fake Projective Planes
Sai-Kee Yeung
1 Introduction
2 Uniformization of fake projective planes
3 Geometric estimates on the number of fake projective planes.
4 Arithmeticity of lattices associated to fake projective planes.
5 Covolume formula of Prasad
6 Formulation of proof
7 Statements of the results
8 Further studies
References

前言/序言

  The marriage of geometry and analysis, in particular non-linear differential equations, has been very fruitful. An early deep application of geometric analysis is the celebrated solution by Shing-Tung Yau of the Calabi conjecture in 1976. In fact, Yau together with many of his collaborators developed important techniques in geometric analysis in order to solve the Calabi conjecture. Besides solving many open problems in algebraic geometry such as the Severi conjecture, the characterization of complex projective varieties, and characterization of certain Shimura varieties, the Calabi-Yau manifolds also provide the basic building blocks in the superstring theory model of the universe. Geometric analysis has also been crucial in solving many outstanding problems in low dimensional topology, for example, the Smith conjecture, and the positive mass conjecture in general relativity.
  Geometric analysis has been intensively studied and highly developed since 1970s, and it is becoming an indispensable tool for understanding many parts of mathematics. Its success also brings with it the difficulty for the uninitiated to appreciate its breadth and depth. In order to introduce both beginners and non-experts to this fascinating subject, we have decided to edit this handbook of geometric analysis. Each article is written by a leading expert in the field and will serve as both an introduction to and a survey of the topics under discussion. The handbook of geometric analysis is divided into several parts, and this volume is the second part.
  Shing-Tung Yau has been crucial to many stages of the development of geo- metric analysis. Indeed, his work has played an important role in bringing the well-deserved global recognition by the whole mathematical sciences community to the field of geometric analysis. In view of this, we would like to dedicate this handbook of geometric analysis to Shing-Tung Yau on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.
  Summarizing the main mathematical contributions of Yau will take many pages and is probably beyond the capability of the editors. Instead, we quote several award citations on the work of Yau.
  The citation of the Veblen Prize for Yau in 1981 says: "We have rarely had the opportunity to witness the spectacle of the work of one mathematician affecting, in a short span of years, the direction of whole areas of research Few mathematicians can match Yaus achievements in depth, in impact, and in the diversity of methods and applications."
空间形态与动力学的精深探索:[您的书名] 导读 前言:跨越维度的数学之舞 自古以来,人类对“形”与“变”的理解,便构成了科学与哲学进步的基石。从欧几里得的静态几何到牛顿的动态微积分,我们对空间复杂性的剖析从未停歇。本书,[您的书名],并非仅仅是对既有几何学概念的简单复述,而是将目光投向了现代数学最为前沿和深邃的领域——几何分析(Geometric Analysis)。 几何分析是一门精妙的交叉学科,它以微分几何和拓扑学的严谨性为骨架,辅以偏微分方程(PDEs)的强大分析工具,旨在揭示空间结构内在的物理和拓扑属性。如果说微分几何提供了描述弯曲空间的“语言”,那么偏微分方程就是解读这些空间如何随时间、能量或曲率发生演化的“语法”。本书的使命,便是为有志于深入此领域的读者,构建一座从基础概念到尖端研究的坚实桥梁。 本书的深度和广度,要求读者具备扎实的实分析、泛函分析以及基础微分几何的背景知识。我们假定读者已经熟悉流形、张量、测地线等基本概念。在此基础上,我们将展开对几何分析中核心主题的系统性阐述,重点聚焦于那些定义了当代数学物理景观的关键理论框架。 --- 第一部分:黎曼几何的分析基石(The Analytical Foundations of Riemannian Geometry) 几何分析的起点,必然是黎曼几何。然而,本书对黎曼几何的探讨,其视角与纯几何学的教材截然不同。我们关注的不是构造,而是度量(Metric)在分析上的表现及其对函数空间的影响。 1.1 曲率与热方程的耦合:黎曼热核(The Riemann Heat Kernel) 在弯曲空间上,我们必须重新定义诸如拉普拉斯算子 $(Delta_g)$ 这样的基本微分算子。本书将详述在黎曼流形上定义热核(Heat Kernel) $K(x, y, t)$ 的重要性。热核不仅是分析的基石,更是连接微分几何与概率论的桥梁。 我们将深入探讨波恩-哈姆分析(Bochner-Hadamard Formula),它揭示了热核的渐近展开如何精确地编码了流形的局部几何结构,特别是里奇曲率张量。理解热核的局部行为,对于研究谱几何(Spectral Geometry)至关重要,例如霍奇猜想(Hodge Conjecture)的分析方法基础,以及魏尔(Weyl)关于特征值分布的早期工作。 1.2 测地稳定性与变分原理(Geodesic Stability and Variational Principles) 测地线是连接两点“最短”的路径,但在弯曲空间中,它们的稳定性(即相邻测地线的汇聚或发散速度)直接取决于黎曼曲率张量的符号。本书会利用雅可比方程(Jacobi Equation)来精确刻画这种稳定性。 从分析的角度看,测地线可以通过能量泛函的驻点来定义。我们详细分析了指数映照(Exponential Map)的性质,并探讨了空间测地线(Geodesics Space)的结构,这对于理解宏观空间结构(如CAT(k)空间)的分析性质至关重要。 --- 第二部分:椭圆型方程的几何动力学(Elliptic Equations in Geometric Dynamics) 几何分析的核心驱动力之一,是利用椭圆型偏微分方程来“熨平”或“平衡”一个给定的几何对象。本部分着重于那些在几何演化中起到稳定作用的方程。 2.1 调和映照与牛顿-蒂夫定律(Harmonic Maps and the Newton-Raphson Law) 调和映照是微分几何中泛函最小化(特别是狄利克雷能量)的自然产物。对于从一个流形 $M$ 到另一个流形 $N$ 的映照 $u: M o N$,其调和能量的变分为零所定义的方程,即调和映照方程。 本书将详细分析这些方程的正则性(Regularity)问题。对于二次能量(如曲面嵌入),我们将介绍莫里(Mori)和萨托(Sato)关于映照正则性的经典结果。更进一步,我们探讨高维调和映照的奇点形成,以及它们在共形几何和拓扑场论中的应用。 2.2 黎曼度量的规范选择:庞加莱-莱夫科维奇方程(Poincaré-Lefschetz Equations) 在研究具有边界的流形或特定的拓扑空间时,我们需要选择一个“好的”度量。这通常涉及对规范自由度的选择。庞加莱-莱夫科维奇方程(作为一种特定的椭圆方程)在定义相对稳定的度量结构中起到了关键作用。 我们将分析牛顿-柯尔比(Newton-Celle)在常纯量曲率度量存在性上的工作,特别是利用藤田-莱夫科维奇理论(Fukuda-Lefschetz Theory),来论证在特定拓扑条件下,局部解如何可以延拓为全局解。这部分对李群作用下的几何对称性有深入的讨论。 --- 第三部分:演化问题与测地流(Evolution Problems and Geodesic Flows) 如果椭圆方程描述的是静态平衡,那么抛物线和双曲方程则描述了几何对象随时间的演化。本部分聚焦于基于曲率的演化方程。 3.1 几何流的拓扑限制:里奇流(The Ricci Flow) 里奇流(Ricci Flow),由佩雷尔曼(Perelman)在解决庞加莱猜想中使用的核心工具,是几何分析中最具影响力的进展之一。它是一个抛物线型方程: $$ frac{partial g}{partial t} = -2 operatorname{Ric}(g) $$ 本书将全面梳理里奇流的分析技巧,包括: 1. 能量泛函的单调性:利用凯勒-里奇流(Calabi-Yau Ricci Flow)中瑟斯顿-蒂夫(Thurston-Tiebaut)的 $W^k$ 能量构造,证明其单调性。 2. 奇点分析:如何通过等温截面(Canonical Folliation)或帕拉(Para)截面来识别和分类奇点(如缩颈、桥接)。 3. 局部到全局的延拓:佩雷尔曼的 $kappa$-收缩技术,它利用了熵泛函(Entropy Function)的单调性,克服了传统抛物方程局部解无法保证全局存在的难题。 3.2 平均曲率流与界面演化(Mean Curvature Flow and Interface Evolution) 平均曲率流(Mean Curvature Flow, MCF)是描述曲面或超曲面如何因其局部平均曲率而演化的动力学系统。它在物理学中对应于最小化表面张力的过程。 我们将侧重于MCF在嵌入空间的表现。讨论施泰纳(Steiner)关于完备曲面的正则性结果,以及安德烈森(Andresen)对具有非光滑边界的曲面的分析。重点研究法向速度方程的椭圆-抛物耦合结构,以及平滑化效应(Smoothing Effect)如何防止曲面在有限时间内形成尖锐的奇点。 --- 第四部分:规范场论与拓扑场(Gauge Theory and Topological Fields) 几何分析的高级应用领域之一,是将物理学的规范理论与代数拓扑结构相结合。 4.1 规范场的莫里迭代:杨-米尔斯方程(Yang-Mills Equations) 在纤维丛上,度量信息被推广为联络(Connection)。杨-米尔斯理论即是关于联络的曲率(用杨-米尔斯张量衡量)的非线性演化方程。 本书将聚焦于欧几里得杨-米尔斯理论(Euclidean Yang-Mills Theory),它与黎曼曲面上的希格斯丛(Higgs Bundles)紧密相关。我们将分析阿蒂亚-辛格(Atiyah-Singer)指数定理在规范场理论中的解析推导,特别是如何利用藤川(Fujikawa)的有效作用量来研究规范场的拓扑性质。 4.2 霍奇理论与特征谱(Hodge Theory and Characteristic Spectra) 几何分析的终极目标之一是使用分析工具来证明拓扑猜想。德拉姆上同调(de Rham Cohomology)的分析对应物,即拉普拉斯-德拉姆算子的谱,揭示了流形的拓扑不变量。 我们深入探讨霍奇分解,即 $L^2$ 上的上同调空间如何分解为自伴随算子的特征子空间。本书将展示米尔纳(Milnor)关于流形上霍金辐射(Hawking Radiation)的分析模型,该模型将谱几何中的特征值间隙与量子场论中的信息传递联系起来。 --- 结论:前沿的展望 本书的结构旨在提供一个动态的视角:几何是分析方程的背景,而分析方程则决定了几何的演化和稳定性。从黎曼热核的局部编码到里奇流对空间拓扑的重塑,我们所探讨的每一个主题都代表了数学家们在理解空间、时间和物质相互作用方面所做的最深刻的尝试。掌握这些工具,是进入微分几何、数学物理乃至现代拓扑学研究领域不可或缺的阶梯。

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作为一名长期关注数学前沿发展的爱好者,我对《几何分析手册(第2卷)》的出版感到由衷的欣喜。这本书的编排和内容设计都显得非常用心,它汇集了该领域内众多顶尖学者的智慧结晶,涵盖了从基础概念到最前沿研究的广泛内容。我特别欣赏书中对研究方法论的探讨,它不仅教授了“是什么”,更着重于“怎么做”,为读者提供了宝贵的实践指导。对于任何希望在该领域进行深入探索的学者而言,这本书无疑是一本不可或缺的参考资料。书中引用的文献列表也非常全面,足以引导读者进行更深入的学习和研究。虽然我还在细读之中,但我已经能够感受到这本书所蕴含的巨大能量,它将为几何分析领域的未来发展注入新的活力,并为无数研究者提供坚实的理论支撑和灵感启迪。

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最近有幸接触到这本《几何分析手册(第2卷)》,不得不说,它所展现出的学术深度和广度令人震撼。我并非该领域的资深专家,但凭借着对数学基础的兴趣,我尝试去理解书中的一些章节。即便如此,我依然能感受到作者们在组织和呈现内容时所付出的巨大努力。书本的结构清晰,逻辑严谨,即使是对于一些非常抽象的概念,也能通过精妙的例子和循序渐进的推导来加以说明。我特别欣赏书中对一些历史背景和发展脉络的介绍,这有助于读者理解这些理论是如何一步步演变而来的,从而更好地把握其精髓。虽然某些部分的数学语言对我来说还有些晦涩,但我相信,随着我对相关领域知识的进一步积累,这本书必将成为我深入研究的强大助力。它不仅仅是一本工具书,更像是一部数学思想的史诗,记录着几何分析领域智慧的闪光。

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这本《几何分析手册(第2卷)》真是让人惊喜不断!作为一名长久以来对几何和分析交叉领域怀有浓厚兴趣的研究生,我一直在寻找一本能够系统性地梳理最新进展、同时又能深入浅出地讲解核心概念的参考书。当我拿到这本《几何分析手册(第2卷)》时,立刻被其厚重而精美的装帧所吸引,这似乎预示着里面蕴含着知识的宝藏。迫不及待地翻阅,我发现它果然不负众望。虽然我还没有深入到每一个细节,但从目录和前几章的浏览来看,书中涵盖的主题极其广泛且前沿,从经典的微分几何与偏微分方程的联系,到近年来蓬勃发展的黎曼几何在理论物理中的应用,再到高维几何对象上的分析工具,都得到了详尽的阐述。尤其吸引我的是关于“几何流”的部分,这部分内容在很多最新的研究论文中频繁出现,但缺乏系统性的教材。我期待本书能够填补这一空白,为我提供坚实的理论基础和丰富的研究思路。同时,书中的参考文献也异常详尽,这对于我进一步追溯研究源头、了解学术脉络至关重要。总而言之,这本书的出现,无疑为我和其他几何分析领域的探索者们提供了一盏明灯,我对此充满期待。

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这本书,《几何分析手册(第2卷)》,是一本让我感到耳目一新的作品。我是一名对数学物理交叉领域充满好奇的本科生,常常在阅读相关论文时遇到一些我无法完全理解的数学工具。这本书的出现,恰好填补了我知识上的空白。它深入浅出地介绍了许多在物理学中至关重要的几何分析概念,比如各种曲率的计算、流形的性质以及与场论相关的数学框架。令我印象深刻的是,书中并非简单地罗列公式,而是着重于解释这些数学工具的几何意义和物理含义,使得原本抽象的概念变得更加生动和直观。我尤其赞赏书中对一些经典问题的现代解析方法,这让我看到了数学工具的强大生命力。虽然书中的某些章节对我而言仍然具有挑战性,但我坚信,通过反复研读和思考,我能够逐渐掌握其中的精髓,并将其应用于我自己的学习和研究中。

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读完《几何分析手册(第2卷)》的初体验,我感觉自己像是踏入了一个宏伟的数学殿堂,里面陈列着无数精妙绝伦的理论和证明。这本书的语言风格非常学术化,但又充满了洞察力。它不仅仅是枯燥的公式堆砌,而是将深刻的几何直觉与严谨的分析工具巧妙地融合在一起。我尤其喜欢书中对某些关键定理的阐述,它们通常会从不同角度进行解读,提供多种理解路径,这对于我这种需要多维度学习的读者来说,是非常宝贵的。书中的图示虽然不多,但每一个都恰到好处,能够极大地辅助理解抽象的几何概念。我甚至发现,书中对一些看似独立的数学分支之间的联系进行了深刻的挖掘,这让我对整个数学体系有了更宏观的认识。虽然我还没有完全消化书中的所有内容,但我已经可以预见到,它将会在我未来的学术生涯中扮演举足轻重的角色,为我提供解决复杂问题的强大武器。

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